There were conflicting reports among the soldiers. Some say they were given an order, others say that they fired when others fired. Some admitted targeting students. It is a matter of record which soldiers fired their weapons and which ones did not. The officer in charge did not discharge his pistol and testified that no order was given. However a senior NCO certainly discharged his pistol. They were just poorly led and disciplined, had been given live ammo, had no training in crowd control, and they panicked.
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They may have been confused because they were wearing gas masks limiting their vision but they were not under radio control. It was a tight group of 77 advancing shoulder to shoulder with an officer who could communicate verbally with his entire command. The students that they shot at were not a mob and were widely dispersed, the average distance from the soldiers to shot victims was over 300 feet. The closest of the 13 victims was 81 feet. The soldiers were never attacked. There had been some rock throwing earlier, but the tear gas had backed off and dispersed the crowd which was no threat at the time of the shooting.
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8 guardsmen were indicted but a federal judge controversially threw out all charges. No guardsmen were ever disciplined. None of the 24 student protesters indicted were ever tried either.
The Presidents Commission that investigated the murders concluded that . . .
"the indiscriminate firing of rifles into a crowd of students and the deaths that followed were unnecessary, unwarranted, and inexcusable.
Even if the guardsmen faced danger, it was not a danger that called for lethal force. The 61 shots by 28 guardsmen certainly cannot be justified. Apparently, no order to fire was given, and there was inadequate fire control discipline on Blanket Hill. The Kent State tragedy must mark the last time that, as a matter of course, loaded rifles are issued to guardsmen confronting student demonstrators."